Sports injuries are not unusual, but avoiding them, especially the most common sports injuries, means more time to compete. Read these articles for tips on sports injury prevention and core stability exercises that can help reduce the risk of knee injuries, shoulder injuries, ankle injuries, rotator cuff injuries and other recurring plagues in the sporting world… To browse our library of free sports training articles, browse using the categories on the left or use the search box.

Download Our Free Sports Training Reports:

Training for Speed Power and Strength - Free Report Training for Distance Running The Nine Key Elements of Fitness - Free report Coaching Young Athletes - Free report

Enter your email address below: (As a bonus, we'll start sending you our free weekly newsletter, Sports Performance Bulletin.)

Email:

 


Articles Q&A Blogs Videos Groups

You can either browse below to see everything, or you can click on one of these headers to skip down to that section.

Sports injury

Articles

We'll pay you to ask questions

Got a question about sport? We'll pay you to ask it, and pay more to answer others' questions!

Understanding Biomechanics for Core Stability Training

Reduce your risk of Injury in Core Stability Training

Poor Biomechanics Can Compromise Cycling Technique

Are your Biomechanics causing you Knee Pain?

Peak Performance Launches Olympics 2008 Blog

Telling Non-Olympians how to do it too!

Football Training Drills for Improving Energy Systems During Pre-season

Football Tips and Exercises to Make You Ready for the New Season

Preventing Injury: Risk factors for rugby players

Previous rugby injuries predict in-season problems for rugby players

Ankle injuries are more common than hamstring tears in footballers

Ankle injuries can be tackled by proprioception training

Head injuries in Football

No long-term risk from concussion in football

Head Injuries in Skating

Injuries in synchronised skating

Prevent Ankle Injuries

A simple way to predict ankle risk

Health and Fitness: Heart Disease

How much exercise protects against heart disease?

Prescribed drug can cause damage after eccentric exercise

Antidepressants may cause muscle damage…

Hamstring injuries: A Study

Hamstring injury solution?

Heat Stroke in the cold?

Cool weather heat stroke risk

Injury Treatment: How to deal with concussion

Knockout blow – what should athletes do when concussion strikes?

Preventing Osteoarthritis

Does sport set us up for arthritis in later life? And can anything be done?

Back pain caused by bad posture

Slouching isn’t just an attitude – it will damage your sport and your health

Football Player Injuries - Are they becoming more frequent?

Football injuries - are they really on the rise?

Caffeine reduces muscle soreness

Caffeine and leg muscle pain

Sports Injury: Distance Running

Bleeding risk for ultra runners

Reduce Muscle Fatigue with Probiotic Supplements

Probiotics combat fatigue problems in athletes

The Risks of Overtraining

Intense training - can you have too much of a good thing?

Children, Exercise, and Injury

How sport leads to concussion in children

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Facts

New findings on ACL injuries in soccer

Joint Manipulation: Is it safe?

Joint manipulation for injuries - is it worth the risk?

Sports Nutrition: Antioxidants

Antioxidant protection for athletes: is it time to ditch the pills?

Cycling Injury: Choose The Right Bike To Avoid Injury

How Choosing The Right Bike Can Help Avoid Injury

Managing Pain in Athletes

What are the best ways to cope with sports pain? And how do different people react to the same injury?

Caring For Your Spine

Core strengthening to keep your spine in good shape

Supplements: Glucosamine

Does glucosamine really work?

Sports News: Injury Treatment Evidence?

Injury research and clinical practice

Sports News: Aquatic Plyometrics

The Benefits of Aquatic Plyometrics

Injury Recovery and Conditioning

Want to know the key to training success? Plenty of R&R

Stretching, Performance and Injury Prevention

Pre-exercise stretching - is it time to tear up the old rule book?

Running Injury Prevention

Injury Prevention and Stretching Advice for Runners

snowboarding | skiing

Snowboarding & skiing

sports injury pain

Sports Injury Pain : Pain and brain - a revolutionary approach to chronic injury

deep water running

Deep Water Running : Getting into deep water - why it can be good for fitness

bronchoconstriction

Bronchoconstriction: Airway problems in ski-mountaineers...

stress & overtraining

Stress & Overtraining : Strategies to ward off overtraining by dealing with stress from all sources

biopsychosocial pain

Biopsychosocial Pain : Pain and brain - the biopsychosocial method of chronic injury rehabilitation

Homeopathy in sport

Homeopathy In Sport : Can less really be more when it comes to treating sports injuries?

pain relief medication

Pain Relief Medication: What all athletes need to know about pain relief medication

knee injuries women

Women's knee injuries

hydrotherapy

Hydrotherapy: Don't pour cold water over hydrotherapy

cold injuries

Cold injuries: How to protect your performance as well as your health against the chill winds of winter

rotator cuff rehabilitation

Rotator cuff rehabilitation: how to shake off shoulder injury

orthotic therapy

Orthotic therapy: when self-help and sports therapies don't go nearly far enough

nsaids

NSAIDS: Contraction-induced muscle injury - why NSAIDS don't help

air pollution sports

Air Pollution Sports: the real problem that faced the organisers of the 2004 Olympics

hamstring strains

Hamstring strains

acetabular labrum tears

Acetabular labrum tears - a right pain in the groin

hamstring strains

Hamstring strains: the most common injuries in football

asthma risk | athletes

Asthma - Lower asthma risk for amateur athletes

sudden cardiac death

Sudden cardiac death: how can clubs pick out those at risk ?

football injury prevention

Football injury prevention

blood pressure | exercise

Good news about exercise and blood pressure

wrestlers weight

Rapid weight loss in young wrestlers

gymnasts menstruation

Delayed menstruation in rhythmic gymnasts

fatigue

Persistent fatigue and recurrent infections

exercise related death

Exercise related death - Disturbing findings on exercise-related death

inspiratory stridor

Inspiratory stridor - How do you deal with 'asthma' when the drugs don't work?

marathon injuries

Marathon injuries: Injury risks for marathon 'virgins'

london marathon

London marathon: Lies, damned lies and statistics: what we know about the incidence of injury, illness and death in the London Marathon

Foot Structure & Injury Rates

Foot Structure & Injury Rates

Injury management

Injury Management: So what exactly is the coach meant to do during the rehabilitation period? Here are a few pointers.

Teeth

Teeth: To minimize the chances of injury to teeth, athletes in contact and non-contact sports should wear custom-fitted mouthguards and should have regular dental examinations to check for unusual tooth wear. What is the best emergency treatment for a severe tooth injury such as a fracture or an avulsed (knocked-out) tooth?

knee injuries | female athletes

Why do female athletes hurt their knees so often - and how can they protect themselves from knee injuries?

Pre-workout stretching

Pre-workout Stretching: Does stretching before a workout increase the risk of injury?

Flexibility | stretching | injury risk

Flexibility, stretching and injury risk: Women are more flexible than men - and get hurt less often.

rowing injuries | lower back injuries

Rowing Injuries & Lower Back Injuries: The case of the rower who drove himself to a bad back

squatting exercises | knee injuries | spine injuries

How safe is squatting? Does it injure the knees or even the spine? Here's an exhaustive review of the research

Sports injury diagnosis

Sports Injury Diagnosis: To get the diagnosis right, you have to investigate all the contributing factors.

squat

Squat research review

Dehydration: A Dangerous Consequence

Dehydration: A Dangerous Consequence

stitch pain running

Stitch Pain - The biggest pain for athletes

Coronary heart disease

Coronary Heart Disease: Both diet and exercise affect a number of the risk factors for heart disease.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention exercises, rehabilitation and training techniques

These four exercises can help prevent your ACLs blowing up - which is especially good news for female athletes.

hip inuries | football | osteoarthritis

Hip inuries in footballers - osteoarthritis of the hip

Delayed onset muscle soreness

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: Tips for avoiding delayed onset muscle soreness (the dreaded DOMS)

Cure For Tennis Elbow

Cure For Tennis Elbow: Follow these rules if you want to avoid - and treat - the dreaded tennis elbow

tendinitis treatment

Tendinitis (inflammation of a muscle tendon) is without doubt the most common cause of lower-leg pain.

Sex and sports injuries

No major sex divide in sports injuries

Backward biking | Rehabilitation

Is 'backward biking' a good rehab activity?

Bone density and muscle mass

For endurance athletes, two of the key problems associated with getting older are a gradual decline in muscle mass and a potential loss of bone density. The missing muscle makes it more difficult to run, cycle or swim powerfully, and the shrinking bones increase the likelihood of injury and osteoporosis.

Footballers head injuries | Brain Damage

Young Footballers Show No Signs of Brain Damage

sports injuries benefits

You may not appreciate it at the time, but an injury can teach you a lot about how your body works

hamstring flexibility | hamstring stretches

Hamstring flexibility: How to keep your hamstrings in tune and singing sweetly

Muscle soreness | Farabloc

Farabloc: How muscles can be shielded against delayed onset muscle soreness

Cancer

Cancer: Does exercise lower the risk of breast, uterine and prostate cancers?

shin splints problems

Shin splints problems: How to strengthen the lower parts of your legs, and prevent (or repair) shin splints problems

meniscal tears | MRI scans

Can MRI predict whether an athlete's knees can be repaired?

Injury treatment: hot or cold

Do you know when to use heat or cold therapy for an injury? If not, a recent review article by two University of Washington sports doctors, Matthew Karl, MD, and Stanley Herring, MD, can be your guide.

Achilles heel pain

Achilles Heel Pain: These exercises can turn your Achilles heel into a rock of Gibraltar

repetitive stress injuries | coaching children

If you coach children, you have to take particular care to avoid repetitive stress

running surfaces

Running Surfaces: Why Haile boycotted the Atlanta oval - and can tuned tracks improve your own performances?

Nose strips | Breathe Right External Nasal Dilator,

Here's the scientific verdict on those nose strips - the damned things don't work

Therapeutic Massage | Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness | DOMS

Therapeutic Massage and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

extension-related low-back pain

Case report: an adolescent goalkeeper with extension-related low-back pain

Sports Knee Braces

Sports Knee Braces: Does wearing a knee brace improve or hamper your ability to perform?

Muscle soreness

Muscle Soreness: Try this eccentric method of getting rid of muscle soreness.

Steroids

Steroids boost injury risk from strength training

Gluteal muscles

Gluteal Muscles: The glutes are key muscles for people with back problems

Infectious mononucleosis

Infectious Mononucleosis: How to spot the warning signs of "Mysterious Mono", and what to do about it.

Shin splints 2

Shin splints: These exercises will help to strengthen your lower legs, and prevent or repair shin splint problems

thoraric pain | shoulder injuries

Case study: a swimmer with left-sided thoracic pain and shoulder pain.

Tennis Elbow | Lateral Epicondylitis

Tennis Elbow or Lateral Epicondylitis

Martial arts injuries

Martial arts injuries: When males and females take up martial arts, who gets hurt?

Nutrition

Nutrition: What you eat can play a significant part in preventing or healing a sports injury.

shin splints | medial tibial stress syndrome | lower leg injuries

Shin splints is a common expression but what exactly does it mean? And how do you avoid it?

overtraining warning signs

Overtraining warning signs - The big question is: how far can you push an athlete's training before breakdown occurs?

Ankle sprain | balance | gymnastics

Ankle sprain: Will a sprained ankle affect a gymnast's balance?

stretching and the risk of injury 2

Stretching And The Risk Of Injury 2: Okay, but does stretching really lower the risk of injury? Here's what science says

squatting exercises | knee injuries | spine injuries

Squatting exercises: How safe is squatting? Does it injure the knees or even the spine? Here's an exhaustive review of the research

Running Injuries: What you don't know about injuries can really hurt you.

How to avoid the most common sporting injuries

Strength Training Program

Strength training program

Abdominal Bracing | Hollowing | Core Stability

Abdominal Bracing v Hollowing for Core Stability

Injury avoidance 2

A trigger point in a muscle is a warning sign of a possible serious injury. Here we explain what TPs are, how they happen and what to do about them

Nose strips

Nose Strips: The supposed benefits are literally a widening of the nostrils, reducing resistance to air flow, thereby allowing easier breathing (the strips were originally developed to assist sleep and help people with breathing problems).

Injury rehab programme

Injury Rehab Programme: An injured sportsman is like a sick gorilla - no use and a lot of trouble. The coach has to deal with the mind as well as the body in maintaining the athlete's equilibrium.

Pronation

Pronation: Can taping control pronation?

Low-back pain

Low-back Pain: Inactivity is the problem

Physiotherapy and sports injuries

Physiotherapy and sports injuries: Physiotherapy plays an integral part in the multi-disciplinary approach to the management of sports injuries. The aim of physiotherapy is to treat and fully rehabilitate the athlete post-injury, post-operatively, to prevent further injury and to return the athlete to sport in the shortest possible time.

Anaemia

Anaemia: Runner's persistent anaemia baffles doctors

Knee Braces

Do knee braces slow you down, or make you less agile?

Stretching, flexibility, hamstrings and injury

The truth about stretching and why the Kenyan athletes always do it after their workouts are over.

Achilles Tendinitis

Achilles Tendinitis

Muscle Imbalance

Muscle Imbalance: Why detecting muscle imbalance is an essential part of an injury-prevention strategy

Leg strength | knee injury risks

Leg strength and knee injury risks for endurance athletes: If you're a footballer, your knees are most at risk towards the end of a match.

Strength training exercises for knee injuries

Strength training exercises for knee injuries

abdominal muscle exercises, lower back pain exercises and injury prevention

Whether you aim to run a marathon, perform step aerobics, scrummage for Harlequins, or cycle the London to Brighton, you shouldn't neglect a proper conditioning routine as part of your training if you want to achieve muscular balance and avoid injury.

shin splints treatment

Shin Splints Treatment: How to strengthen the lower parts of your legs, and prevent (or repair) shin splints problems

wrist guards

Do wrist guards really protect the wrist and forearm?

achilles tendonitis

Achilles Tendonitis: This affliction is the curse of the running classes. Here's how to prevent it, and how to recover if you've been unlucky

Achilles heel injury

Achilles Heel Injury Prevention: These exercises can turn your Achilles heel into a rock of Gibraltar

knee injuries | hip injuries | downhill walking

Knee injuries, hip injuries & downhill walking

Lateral knee pain | iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)

Lateral knee pain: here's the syndrome that could be to blame

HDL cholesterol | exercise | heart disease prevention

Here's further proof that the more you run, the more you protect yourself against heart trouble.

osteoporosis | female athletes | distance running injuries

Osteoporosis - female athletes distance running injuries : why distance running can be bad for bones

Core stability training

Core Stability Training: This exercise programme will strengthen your trunk muscles and thus help avoid back problems

Achilles heel, tendons, achilles tendinitis therapy and surgery

Achilles tendinitis interrupts many training programmes and ruins many plans for PBs. It is also the most common injury in athletes over the age of 40, and - unfortunately - it's a problem which doesn't go away very quickly: Traditional treatments for Achilles tendinitis (ie, rest, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, orthotics, cortisone injections, icing, ultrasound, and conventional physical therapy) are not very successful, and about 25 per cent of athletes who suffer from chronic Achilles-tendinitis problems end up undergoing surgery.

Does foot structure affect injury rate?

There's been considerable confusion concerning the effects of foot structure on injury rates. Some researchers - and large numbers of people in the population at large - believe that individuals with low-arched feet have weak foot structures and are more predisposed to injuries in the lower extremities.

Steroids

Steroids boost injury risk from strength training

Low back pain

Low Back Pain: Cyclists with low-back pain should now adjust their saddles

Carbohydrate protection against muscle damage

Eating in a way that keeps your body primed for peak fitness can also reduce your risk of injury. Firstly, eating foods that will help to fend off fatigue will minimise injuries arising from tiredness and weakness. Secondly, some of the metabolic processes which can lead to muscle soreness and damage can be counteracted to a degree by dietary factors.

athletes' lungs | training | asthma | lung diseases

How training takes its toll on athletes' lungs

Shin splints 1

Shin splints: These exercises will help to strengthen your lower legs, and prevent or repair shin splint problems

Groin Pain Causes and treatments

Groin Pain Causes and Treatments - Case study: a rugby-union player with groin pain

saddle sore | mountain biking | scrotal disorders | testicular disorders

Saddle sore and more - the private perils of mountain biking

Hyperbaric therapy

Hyperbaric Therapy: If you're an injured runner, should you breathe in pure oxygen to hasten the healing process? That's what some sports scientists are recommending, as the inhalation of oxygen under high pressure (also called hyperbaric oxygen therapy) becomes an increasingly popular form of treatment for hurting athletes.

Sport injury rehabilitation

Sport Injury Rehabilitation: So what exactly is the coach meant to do during the rehabilitation period? Here are a few pointers.

muscle imbalance | injury prevention

Why detecting muscle imbalance is an essential part of an injury-prevention strategy

Stress management

Stress Management: Just as war brings advances in surgery, so the fight against Aids has both broadened our awareness of the importance of the immune system and produced a vast increase in the amount of research done in this area. It is unfortunate, though not surprising, that far more research is done on the sick than on the healthy. What is it that distinguishes the "very healthy" from the normal?

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) knee injury and prevention

The knees of female athletes are very vulnerable to injury, especially ACL tears. Here's what to do about it.

stretching and the risk of injury 1

Stretching And The Risk Of Injury 1: Okay, but does stretching really lower the risk of injury? Here's what science says

sports psychology | imagery | lower back pain

Sports psychology - imagery: how a young professional golfer used imagery to conquer his persistent lower back pain

Sports Injury prevention

Sports Injury Prevention: Eliminate these training errors and reduce your chances of getting hurt.

knee injury

Knee injury: how can they protect against knee injuries?

Runners benefit from strong hamstrings

Runners benefit from strong hamstrings

Trigger points - a warning sign of serious injury

Tigger Points: what they are, how they happen and what to do about them

Lower back pain causes

These coordination drills ease lower back pain as effectively as strengthening exercises

overtraining effects on performance

Overtraining Effects On Performance: If you want to prevent staleness and overtraining, keep a record of your quality of sleep and levels of fatigue!

Shin guards

Shin Guards: Do shin guards provide the necessary injury protection?

Shoulder instability

Shoulder Instability: Should you consider shrinking your shoulder?

Sports injury avoidance

Sports Injury Avoidance: Like most athletes, you undoubtedly want to lower your chances of incurring an injury while participating in your favourite sport. Injuries decrease the amount of time you can spend in leisure activities, lower your fitness, downgrade competitive performances, and can lead to long-term health problems such as arthritis and/or joint stiffness.

Ice therapy

Ice Therapy: The best advice on ice

Sports Injuries | headaches

The case of the ex-rugby player with a mysterious headache

Infection and sport

Infection And Sport: Which infections are spread during sports activities?

soccer injuries | hip injuries

Soccer injuries: Why ex-pro soccer players have hip problems

shoulder excercises | shoulder injury prevention

Shoulder excercises and shoulder injury prevention

female athlete triad

Female athlete triad: The hidden risk for female athletes

upper back exercise | single arm row | latissimus dorsi

Upper back exercise: the single arm row

prehabilitation exercises | strength exercises | conditioning exercises

Prehabilitation exercises: these prehabilitation exercises will help reduce injury risk

soccer injuries

Soccer injuries - Ankle sprains: the bane of soccer players

Questions

evidence regarding muscle resetting and low load muscle recruitment

need to understand if anyone is getting results in lower back pain by using anatomy trains (lines) to activate specific indivisual muscles to correct areas not related to specific muscle activated

is it safe to train in jujitsu after spinal fusion?

My disc was removed between two vertebrae in my neck, but I have been training for 4 years towards my black belt.

Strenghtening

How can I strenghten any part of me without using weights. Like at home stuff.

Get myself fit

im a 17 year old footballer and am currently just coming back from 2 ACL operations (one on each knee) and one bucket handle tear cartlige operation.

what are the current stats on meniscus injuries and surgical outcome ?

I am a student(FdSc 1st year) and am doing a report on meniscus injuries.

What are some good exercises to do for abs? I just had knee surgery?

I just had my lateral meniscus repaired and I cant swim for three months. But I'm training for a meet in Hawaii at the moment and this is a big hit on my training.

I have pain around my knee cap is this normal??

I have dislocated my knee twice this year, Six week ago i had knee athroscopy, realignment and lateral release.

Lack of answers

There's a lack of answers on these forums. Could the community please get involved...

pain in hip thigh and calf muscle when riding

hi i am 39 years old and and have been cycle racing for 20 years at a high level i train about 150-175 miles a week and have had no injury problems at all,over the last few weeks i have developed a pa

groin injury

Could anyone help me.I've had this groin strain for 10 years on and of.Groin was tight after squats the day before went out to play football no time for warm up groin goes to the extent that I could n

Back Injury's

History- i have blown out my disc's at L5/S1 & L4/L5 when lifting a cable drum at work. A few months after I was in a pretty bad car accident which has stirred every thing up.

can you define functional training & why is it important?

i wanted to gather all possible in formation about functional training(i.e. benefits, goal of training, factors affecting it, etc..)

How long till I can expect to walk normally again?

I broke my ankle 3 weeks ago. I had surgery and they put 2 long screws up into my Tibia and a plate and 6 screws into my fibula.

How to handle.

I have a coach that I don't like (can't stand) to be around, how can learn to tolerate him?

How do I make lower stomach fat into abs?

I can define and shape my upper abs but anything I do doesn't define or shape my lower abs. What can I do?

How can I improve my dolphin kick for swimming?

I want to make my under water dolphin kick better, what do I do?

How can I improve my breathing for swimming?

I'm joining swimming and it gets hard for me to breathe during flip turns. What exercises should I try?

Firefighter Training - Peridisation and other methods?

Hello, I have a client who wants to become a fireman. To do this, he needs to pass some tests. Here are the tests; 1) Running (Condition)

Is hot and cold treatment suitable for sprains?

I have applied ice to the injured finger but it shows no sign of the bruise coming down. I have heard that cold and heat treatment can work, but I am skeptical.

How can i speed up my recovery of dislocated ankle?

I dislocated and fractured my left ankle as well as my tibia just below the knee in aug 2007.

Hip tendinitis...What can I do?

I have rugby selections for my university next week and have just been diagnosed with tendinitis. I thought it was a pain that would go away, but finally had it checked after 4 weeks of pain.

Back Pain and Pelvis Injury

Hi can anyone help. I had a car accident in 2005 i was hit from behind by a lorry. Since then I have had pain in my right buttocks, lower back right side, hip, front and back of pelvis.

Football: Strengthening and Warming up Groin Muscles

how do i properly warm up/cool down my groin muscles as they give me the most problems... also any tips on strengthening this area for football would be welcome, thanks,

how to be ready for 5000m race within 14days?

Hi I am chirag patel.19male.medical student. I have taken part in 5000m running race.my race will be hold on this 28september. just i can finish 5000m within 30minutes with drink some water.

Who or what are elite athletes ??

I am interested in strength and conditioning and may get accredited while at university.

Lack of questions on this page...

Why is nobody asking any more questions ?? Nobody knows everything, so get on here and learn from others. Okay I will start the ball rolling...

Cycling and indeterminate knee pain

Having gotten back on a bike after a long lay off, I've built up to doing about 2 hours in what I call Zone 2 (BCF HR Zones) to start building base miles.

Lower glute strain

Young football player (15 years old) strained lower glute (probably only a level one strain). Injured while performing bearcrawls. Questions are: 1) treatment what and for how long?

Why do my ankles hurt when swimming?

I'm a beginner swimmer. I know that I need to take lessons but in the meantime I just enjoy doing my laps;however, I've noticed in the past 3 weeks that my ankles hurt when I swim and afterwards.

Functional Balance Tests for Football

Does anyone know of any functional balance tests? (ideally for football/soccer) Currently I generally just time single leg standing.

Should I take on fitness instruction?

I have been approached by the towns local Rec center to instruct aerobic/interval training classes. Please give me all the information on what i should be aware of. Thanks!

How long should a stretch be held?

It seems that most experts suggest that a stretch be held for between 10-20 seconds. Does this apply to masters athletes as well?

What is the optimal duration time for applying ice?

I am rehabbing a hamstring strain. After workouts I apply ice, but I've been given, and read of, different lengths of time to apply it. What's the optimal for keeping the ice on my hamstring?

Death by exercise?

Hey, what about this article from this source: http://www.arthurdevany.com/endurance_training_death_injury_and_risk/ ------------------------- Death by Exercise December 8, 2007 11:25 AM

Is surgery only solution to worn out knee joint, which keeps locking.

25 year old knee cartilage injury compounded by further 25 years of tennis, golf and football have reduced knee joint to no meniscus and frequent locking.

How do i overcome the psychological aspects of repetitive injury??

I played rugby to quite a high level in the Welsh Premiership but over the past two seasons have incurred a mini nightmare, having broken my right leg in May 2006.

Knee and ankle pain not going away.

A couple of months ago I increased the amount of running I was doing. I ran more intensively than usual for about a week, and then began to experience mild shin pain.

Pool Training for Football or Soccer

Does anyone know of/have any good resources for exercises/drills that can be done in the pool? Ideally I'd be looking for something football specific but anything would be appreciated. Thanks

Hip Pain

I am an elite level cyclist. I was having a lot of lower back pain and noticed that I was sitting crooked on my bicycle saddle.

Pose method for Triathlon

Anyone here have read the book of Dr Romanov for Triathlon? It seems interesting. Please comments about.

Best exercises for a persistant groin injury

I am 45 years old, still play competitive football once per week but groin strain reduces games i play

I need training advice!!! pls help

I just finished my summer job; so I have lots of time and am doing multiple fitness programs now.

Do i have compartment syndrome?

Recently i have been diagnosed with tibial periostitis in both lower legs.

I need help diagnosing a thigh muscle injury im dealing with PLEASE!

I have a lot of what feels like tightness on the side of my left upperleg going all the way around towards my butt... im thinking its some type of muscle pull...

Quad strain that won't go away.

3 weeks ago, i very very gently strained my right quad kicking a soccer ball. Not much pain until 5 days later in a game I went to sprint.

Foot Pain

One of my clients has a pain on the ball of his right foot, under his one-in from little toe. I am confident it is muscular.

How many hours of triathlon training should I do?

I am a serious wanna-be triathlete, and I want to become the best I can become.

How can i strengthen my hips to prevent injury?

Lately, when I have been deadlifting I have experienced pain in my lower back and hips, more in the hips.

Pain in the legs

if a develope pains after 3 months of training in the 100m and 200m training, what is the cause and what solution is available.

I fell on my left hip area while cycling? Could it be a hematoma?

I ran into a cyclist who was riding in front of me. I fell on my left side. My left hip area, below my hip bone grew like a softball lump there. This lump has not gone down in two weeks time.

Why do my shins hurt when i run?

extreme shin pains after a jog

How can I improve my punching speed for boxing?

I have a powerful righthand but my left arm is by comparison very slow and weak, so I need training to make it faster.There is enough strength in my right arm to plant a knock-out blow.So I just need

Clicking Shoulders!

I have a client with a clicking shoulder. She never feels any pain in it. It happens mainly when performing a wide grip bent over row, so shoulder is extending...

Should I change bike position in Triathlon due to Pose method running?

I practise Olympic distance Triathon (with bike drafting) since last year.

waterskiing - Losing the feeling in my feet, please help.

Hi All, just joined this group, so hello to you all.

cyatica effect on my sporting performance

really bad cyatica i play football and wish to know if anyone has experience with it in sporting performance and weather or not it will have an effect as well as will the pain increase over time?

What recommendations are there for managing lateral epicondylitis?

I am soon to be a graduate sports therapist looking for recommendations for common injuries.

Am i over training?

Im 21 and been going to the gym since january, ive seen lots of improvements and the weights have drastically gone up.

Help me! My Shins Splints are driving me crazy!

OK, i was diagnosed with shin splints, the first doctor i went to said it was growing pains and told me to rest them, dismissing it as if it was nothing.

Fracture of 1st metatarsal... Another surgery? HELP!

I am a passionate skydiver and broke my 1st metatarsal in an landing the 19th of April (3 weeks ago) in Mexico.

Cure for knee pain

I have pain in my lateral knee.

Does Stretching aid the rehabilitation of a hamstring injury?

I am currently studying to become a sports therapist in Glasgow. i have been giving a report to do and this is what i am investigating. Any information would be great.

Treating shin splints -

Have just read the article about shin splints - do I assume all exercises are done in trainers,ie heel hops, heel running etc

Lower Abdominal/groin injury - still pain after 6 weeks,

Sustained a suspected tear of lower abdominal muscles with pain from the hip going down into the groin with stiffness and a pulling sensation along the inguinal area.CT scan showed no hernia.I have tr

Presentation on muscle strength

Hi i'm dave, im currently in the military and i work as a Remedial Instructor. I've been tasked to present an informal presentation on muscle strength.

Stabilising the Pelvis

I have a client who has trouble stabilising her pelvis.

What do you think of the Peak Performance Premium area? (!)

As the main provider of information in this area, I'd like to find out what you think about the videos and the articles in particular.

Best training for a long bike ride - with complications!

I have a froend who is 65 and was a fiarly good distance cylcist. He was then diagnosed with parkinsons, which is in early stages and copntrolled by drugs.

Recovery from Overtraining

I am a 21 year old male competitive cyclist and have been struggling with over training syndrome and trying to recover.

I injured my shoulder 10 weeks ago...more than a strain?

I injured my shoulder 10 weeks ago, reaching backward to pull open a stuck door. I didn't go to the doctor right away, because it seemed just sore/strained.

Broken ankle recovery

I broke my ankle in 3 places and had surgery March 25th. I received a metal plate, connecting rod, and 8 screws.

How do I increase speed, explosiveness, and my verticle leap?

I am an 20 yr old collegiate basketball player, wanting to improve my speed, foot speed, stability, explosiveness, and verticle leap.

Guidelines for R.I.C.E.?

I've seen a lot of answers as to treating an injury with RICE.

Lateral Knee pain-HELP

I am a competitive rower (female) and have just had to take a summer off due to lateral knee pain that is just constantly there.

Low back pain.

over the summer i hurt my left lower back playing basketball..

What can I do about shoulder pain?

I will soon be 51 years and have been fighting shoulder pain for years. I had it x-rayed years ago and they said it was not a rotar cuff but tindonitous and arthuritous.

Personal Rehab

Hi, Two things: 1st) I damaged my knee a year back and now want to start playing rugby next season. It's not an internal injury but I think the muscles in front of the knee cap (is this possible??).

How can i strengthen my IT band?

I have just recently taken up running and seemed to be making good, steady progress until i started to push myself, then i developed a very serious pain which lasted several days in my left knee.

Medial knee pain and adductor's sore after running, any HELP!

I've had Rt medial below the knee pain (Pes anserine) since July when I was training for an IM and doing alot of hill work on the bike, has improved some but still bothersome, also after my runs both

What should I do to run Athen's Marathon this year in 3 hours?

I used to be a middle distance runner for 7 years,my 800m PB=1:56min,my 1500m PB=4:00min,and my 3000m steple PB=9:15min, I quit 5 years ago and at the same time i start smoking, I quit smoking 2 month

Nervous twitch - Shoulder

I have a nervous twitch in my shoulder and can feel it down my arm. The upper back and deltoid get really tight and painful sometimes. Do you know what it might be and how I can get rid of it?

Bruised bone, how can I get rid of it!

I have a bruise on a bone in my fore foot and I can't seem to get rid of it. Im a distance runner so it's really hard to train. Any tips?

How much can I swim with a Tennis Elbow?

Been swimming since age 7,Competitive - short & long distance swims, was on the National Swimming, diving & waterpolo team for most of my School and highschool years.Had to stop swimming after marriag

Which doctor is right about Shin splints? Please help me!!!

Ok, i started Athletics about a year ago, and since then my athletics coach has told me i have shin splints due to me growing and she reccomended i see a doctor for further information.

IT Band Syndrome?

Has anyone ever had this and if so, how did you treat it?

Intense knee pain caused from telemark skiing?

I have been experiencing knee pain on the lateral side of my knee. If I run through this pain, it intensifies and spreads deep into the joint and also into the quad.

How can you get rid of shin splints?

I love to run, but recently I've developed awful shin splints and I'm trying to get them to go away.

Best rehabilitation after damaging ligaments in the foot/ankle

I badly damaged ligaments in the foot/ankle playing 5-a-side football and have been on crutches. I'm having ultra sound treatment with the physio and want to speed my recovery back to running.

What to do after a knee sprain?

I have recently sprained my knee, I'm now off crutches and Im not sure how long to wait and what to do trainingwise(for middle distance running). Any ideas? Thanks

What is the best way to train for a judo tournament?

Our matches are 5 minutes long with no breaks, up to 8 matches in the tournament. I am trying to find the best exercises to get us ready for the tournament.

Just broken my wrist, have a race in 5 weeks can i still compete?

I have just broken my wrist and have a race in 5 weeks can i still compete?

How did it affect you?

My daughter is having an operation to repair a small tear in her peroneal tendon. Has anyone had this done and how did it affect your athletics?

Surgery's

I had back fusion in April 2002 and a left hip replaced in May 2006. I am an avid golfer with 9 handicap.

Abs?

I have dificulty shaping the lower part of my stomach. What exercise can I do to reach that area.

How do you tell shin splints?

How do you tell if you have shin splints. I have a pain in my left leg above my ankle, but I don't know what it is.

How do I loosen my hamstrings?

I have really tight ham strings and it affects me physically. What is a good stretch or exercise that will help me to loosen them.

What to do after a knee sprain?

I have recently sprained my knee, I'm now off crutches and Im not sure how long to wait and what to do trainingwise. Any ideas? Thanks

Is there anything as good as the old Ralgex stick?

Long ago, when I was a teenager, I was continually getting little injuries until I discovered the Ralgex stick and that then used to miraculously keep my muscles in working order.

Have I Got Shin Splints?

I have been told i have got shin splints. I was told to rest my legs for a month. I am now on that rest period (just into the last week).

conservative Rx tendinopathies

Reducing tenocyte hyperactivity may aid reducing tendinopathy problems. Issue of 76 of SIB suggested that green tea/ doxycyline/ NSAIDs may reduce tenocycte hyperactivity.

Shoulder injury rehab

I injured my shoulder 3 years ago...due to an oversight by our fantastic NHS it wasn't until late last year that I realized I had an acute problem.

Milk

If i Drink Skimmed milk every day for a month and not drink anything else or eat anything else cept from veg and fruit.. will that be a healthy lifestyle?

Whats everyones views on the use of ice baths?

Does anyone here use them regularly? If so how long for?

Does pushing into the ground harder toss you higher or forward faster?

When I stand still (balanced) and push hard into the ground I jump high not forward. I can't push back at the ground while balanced to start running.

back of knee / inside knee pain

i recently started running more milage so i guess this could just be too much training too quickly, from 10-20km a week to 40-50km... i have pain on the inside and back of my left knee.

Any ideas on how to loosen muscles without strenuous stretching?

apparently i have ridiculousy tight calf n thighs, and have been told to stretch more, i was hoping someone could maybe point me in the right direction as to which stretches to do without injuring mys

Neck or shoulder injury ?

In the past year I`ve started to get trouble with my shoulder/neck.

Post elbow injury rehab

What are some post elbow fracture operation rehab exercises to build up strength again? Pls recommend.

Elbow operation question

I had a metal plate fixed after a operation for fractured elbow. Should i leave it in there or take it out? The doctor told me it's optional and up to me.

Broken Wrist Recovery

Hi, I currently have a broken wrist caused by a football injury and will have a cast on it for 4 weeks. What period of time would you suggest for recovery once the cast has been removed.

Des resting heart rate affect your performance?

i am a 22 year old male having played soccer my whole life, my resting heart rate is about 68 beats per minute, this is quite high compared to other elite athletes, would this affect my performance, c

Getting over an upper hamstring tear.

I got the tear playing tennis in November. It doesn't hurt a great deal but comes back after a bit of tennis. I'm trying stretching and walking but otherwise doing nothing for three weeks.

Acromial extremity...

what part of the arm is it.

Shoulder pain

I am having pain down the side & back of my neck, but mostly on the top of my shoulder, I guess the Traps. It's a ache, like arthritis, tendenitis or something. No sharp pains.

How do I endure heat during a training session?

I live in South Africa and attend a Virgin Active gym nearby. I am increasing my training schedule this year.

Is there any way to regain function from a sprained ankle?

I sprained my ankle whilst attempting a kick (jump spin type-Martial Arts) before warm up.

Opinion. If you could only do one aerobic exercise, which would it be?

Facts are lovely. Which one provides the best overall benefits?

What are the benefits of boxing as a sports to college students?

I want to know the psychological benefits a college student can get from boxing as a sport. People tend to associate boxing with violence thus it is not offered as a P.E.

Osgood-Schlatter's

I have a knee problem called Oscozlatus which is a swelling and it really hurts after I play sports. I sometimes cannot even walk up the stairs. Is there any way I can keep the pain down.

Hamstring injury

Any recommended exercises to help get over a recurrent (running) hamstring injury that mostly causes a problem when racing.

knee injury ????

On going pain coming from the back of the knee ,its even starting to hurt when i walk. If i kneel down on both knees and then lean bk i get a sharp pain at what seems the back of my right knee.

Tendinitis

A weak ago a huge weight fell on my hand later on there is no pain but now its paining is it tendinitis?

Groin strain... ongoing

I suffered a groin strain at the start of december 2006 and since i have not been able to sprint although i can kick a ball with full power.

How do I strengthen my neck without injuring it?

In the course of training for grappling sports I felt it very important to have a strong neck.

Sports hernia surgery?

My son, a professional soccer player, has been diagnosed with a sports hernia after months of groin pain that has not improved with rest. Can anyone describe the procedure?

What causes pain in the butt?

I'm a 59 year old competitive badminton player. I play vigorously 3 days a week and try to work out (at the gym, jump rope, run) another 3 days of the week.

Your Personal Trainer

I can no longer access this, can i have the website address and access to this. I paid for the service at the time but due to computer errors i was not able to gain all info.

Ankle Rehabilitation

I am 21 and have had major ankle problems/injuries for the past 10 years. Slowly my ankle has become weaker and weaker and has now forced me to give up playing competitive sport.

Please can someone recommend a UK expert in ITB syndrome?

I developed ITB syndrome nearly two years ago. The injury was triggered by running and presented as lateral knee pain whilst running. However, the pain has also always been present on walking.

Lower back pain

I'm having problems with a constant numb pain in my lower back. It sometimes feel as if it's coming from my hamstrings. It gets worse after more intense running sessions.

looking for advice on Hamstring injury

my right hamstring has been painfull for over a year now ,i have been to sports injury clinic ,and they seem to think its hamstring and not sciatica ,painfull where muscle joins on to bone at the back

Fracture dislocation of ankle recovery time?

Hey, I dislocated my ankle, fractured my fibula and tore deltoid/medial ligaments back on 16th Sept playing football.

Is it peroneal tendinits/arthritis?.

I am 30 years old and have worked as a Registered Nurse for the past 10 years

problem with players having shin splints

age 14 to 18 girls, fall soccer, seem to have 3 to 6 players each year with shin splints, any good training ideas for spring to prevent this

How can I start a sports injury group

My interest is isn helping to answer questions about sports injuries. Sure my resources could be used. I cant find an injuries group.

Swedish manoeuvres and Walt's SAS - video?

anyone know of a video demonstrating Swedish manoeuvres and Walt's SAS exercise technique? i have achilles tendinitis and would love to try this out!!! thanks sudie.

Is Vibration Training OK after double knee replacement?

I have to be realistic about what I can achieve now in terms of exercise but really want to keep fit and trim.

How can I reduce chronic hard muscle after exercise?

I am 43 year old male, 150lbs, and 5'11".

what do you do to heal hip flexor injury?

I am a very serious competitive swimmer. I injured my left hip flexor six weeks ago and i keep aggravating it in small ways and its not going away.

What is my abdominal pain?

Sometimes when running I feel a pain in my abdomen. When I bend over it goes, but as soon as I straighten out it returns. Any ideas?

Prolotherapy or cold laser therapy for cartilage re-development

I have been running for over 25 years(primarily marathons,ultras. etc.) I had my first scope done on the knee and they found grade 4 changes in the cartilage.

Do you have a question for our community?

PP Online has over 10,000 registered users, all of them keen sportsmen and women, including many coaches, personal trainers and sports scientists.

What do you mean by putting a check on the calendar?

"Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

Lifting doesn't make me happy anymore - why?

Sometimes when I lift I just don’t feel like even being in the gym. This has happened periodically over the past several weeks. What is happening? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

What can I do to get my shoulder working again?

My shoulder was just operated on, now I find it hard to move it very far. "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

Preparing for shoulder surgery?

I am scheduled for shoulder surgery-how should I get ready for this? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

What can I do to get the ROM back again?

I just had a new knee put in and now I find I can’t bend my knee very far "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

Knee replacement preparation?

My surgeon has told me I need a total knee replacement. How do I prepare for this? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

Lifting after surgery?

I just had a total knee replacement - what is next for my lifting program? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

What is the ACL?

"Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

Is it bad to go deep in the squat?

"Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

Can I add 15 pounds to my bench press in four months?

I want to break my brother's high-school record. "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

How to win contests?

I am entering a contest and want to know how my lifts will look to the judges. What should I do? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

How can I keep my hands healthy?

What can I do to help keep my hands from feeling sore while I’m on the computer at my job all day? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

How fast should you squat?

One of my lifting partners squats really fast, so fast in fact that he literally drops to the bottom and bounces back up. This seems like a fast way to get injured. Am I right? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

Bench press technique...?

Some of the members in my gym keep their feet on the bench when benching; is that a good way to bench? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

Bench press confusion...

I see some of the members in my gym lifting their butts up when doing benches; why do they do it this way? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

What are the most important exercises for the beginner to do?

"Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

What piece of gear should I buy first?

What should I do? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

What would be a good set up for my home gym?

What should I do? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

What can I do to get back my normal range of motion?

What can I do to get back my normal range of motion after my knee surgery? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

I just had knee surgery - how do I maintain my cardio fitness?

"Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

How do I keep my strength levels up after op?

How do I keep my strength levels up now that I have just had an operation on my elbow? "Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

It hurts when I military press - why?

"Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

My shoulders hurt when I bench press, what should I do?

"Danny O'Dell M. A. CSCS*D is an NSCA certified strength and conditioning coach, and the co-owner of The WeightRoom Gym and Explosivelyfit.com, both located in Nine Mile Falls, WA. Here, he shares with us some of the questions he gets asked most often. How would you answer this question?"

What do I do about ankle pain?

I twisted my ankle yesterday in soccer practice and now I find it difficult to walk on it.

What do I do about knee pain?

My knee snapped when I stopped in the basketball game and now it feels like it’s going to collapse. What do I do?

My shoulder hurts do you have any suggestions?

What is “Altitude Training”, what benefits could it have on my performance and is there a gold standard in terms of training height and duration?

I’ve seen people running in a swimming pool. Why?

I’ve seen people running in a swimming pool. Why are they running in water and what does it do for them?

Who do people take ice baths?

I’ve seen people take ice baths after a hard training session. It looks cold and painful, so why do they do it!?

What can I do to make sure my hamstring doesn’t pull again?

I’ve pulled my right hamstring twice in two seasons and I’m getting frustrated because I can’t compete. What can I do to make sure my hamstring doesn’t pull again?

What are shin splints?

I do lots of running on the road and my shins are sore. I’ve been told by a friend that I might have shin splints but I don’t know what they are.

Blogs

Life After Sport: Counselling Athletes Facing Retirement

Much of the early research into withdrawal from sport concentrated on the problems faced by younger athletes (all disciplines) retiring from full-time sport at high school or college (university) leve